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GCSE Physics Revision

Waves

Transverse and longitudinal waves, the wave equation, reflection and refraction, and the electromagnetic spectrum.

Quick check · one tap
When a wave travels through water, what happens to the water itself?

Waves is a core part of GCSE Physics. Revise the key concepts and common mistakes below, then lock them in with the free games.

Key concepts

Transverse & longitudinal wavesVibrations perpendicular (light) or parallel (sound) to travel.
Frequency & wavelengthNumber of waves per second and the length of one wave.
Wave speedv = f × λ, the speed a wave travels.
AmplitudeMaximum displacement from the rest position; relates to energy.
Electromagnetic spectrumRadio to gamma; all travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.
Reflection & refractionWaves bounce off surfaces or change direction when changing medium.
RefractionLight changing direction as it enters a new medium
Optically denserMedium in which light travels more slowly
Refractive indexHow much a medium slows light compared to vacuum
Converging lensA lens that bends parallel rays to a focal point
Diverging lensA lens that spreads parallel rays apart
Focal lengthDistance from the lens to its focal point, in metres
DispersionSplitting white light into its colours by a prism
SpectrumThe band of colours from red through violet

What your exam board covers

Where Waves sits in each exam board's specification. Tap a board to see what it lists.

AQAWavesSpec 8463
  • Waves in air, fluids and solids
  • Electromagnetic waves
  • Black body radiation (physics only)

Source: AQA GCSE Physics (8463) specification — Subject content, accessed 23 June 2026.

CCEA2.1 WavesSpec 1210

Part of: Unit 2 — Waves, light, electricity, magnetism, electromagnetism and space physics

Source: CCEA GCSE Physics (2017) specification, accessed 9 July 2026.

EdexcelTopic 4 — WavesSpec 1PH0

Part of: Paper 1 topics

Source: Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9–1) Physics (1PH0) specification, accessed 23 June 2026.

Eduqas/WJECLight and electromagnetic wavesSpec C420P (QAN 601/8624/0)
  • Frequency range of the spectrum
  • Interactions of electromagnetic radiation with matter and their applications
  • Lenses
  • Colour and frequency; transmission, absorption and diffuse reflection
  • Black body radiation (qualitative only)

Source: Eduqas/WJEC GCSE Physics specification (from 2016), accessed 24 June 2026.

Eduqas/WJECWaves in matterSpec C420P (QAN 601/8624/0)
  • Waves in air, fluids and solids
  • Waves at material interfaces: applications in exploring structures

Source: Eduqas/WJEC GCSE Physics specification (from 2016), accessed 24 June 2026.

Cambridge IGCSEWavesSpec 0625
  • General properties of waves
  • Light
  • Electromagnetic spectrum
  • Sound

Source: Cambridge IGCSE Physics (0625) syllabus, accessed 23 June 2026.

Edexcel IGCSEWavesSpec 4PH1
  • (a) Units
  • (b) Properties of waves
  • (c) The electromagnetic spectrum
  • (d) Light and sound

Source: Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Physics (4PH1) specification, accessed 23 June 2026.

Learn Waves step by step

Free interactive mini-lessons: short screens, worked examples and quick checks. Pick your exam board:

Common mistakes to avoid

Questions where students often pick the tempting wrong answer — make sure you know the right one:

When a wave travels through water, what happens to the water itself?✗ The water moves along with the wave from one place to another.   ✓ The water oscillates about a fixed point; the wave transfers energy, not matter.
How do you see a non-luminous object like a book?✗ Your eyes send out beams of vision that hit the book and let you see it.   ✓ Light from a source reflects off the book and enters your eyes.
What property of a sound wave determines its pitch?✗ Amplitude determines pitch — a bigger wave is a higher-pitched note.   ✓ The frequency — higher frequency means higher pitch.
When a water wave moves from deep into shallow water, what happens?✗ Speed and wavelength both increase   ✓ Speed decreases and wavelength decreases, frequency stays the same
Why does light bend when it enters a denser medium like glass?✗ Because the medium is denser, it physically blocks part of the light and forces it to turn.   ✓ Because it slows down — the change in speed at the boundary causes the wavefront to bend (towards the normal).

Practise Waves — free games

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