Mini-Lesson

Development

This mini-lesson covers AS 2 Theme 3 — Development: the problems of measuring development and its economic, social and composite measures; reducing the development gap (the Millennium Development Goals, the 2030 Agenda, globalisation and aid); and the rise of emerging markets (BRICS and MINT).

Answer each question to unlock the next screen. Press Start to begin.

Measuring development

Defining and measuring development

"Development" is contested — it is more than wealth, including health, education, rights and wellbeing, so no single measure captures it.

Economic measures: GNI per capita, GDP.
Social measures: literacy rate, infant mortality rate, life expectancy.
Composite measures: the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Physical Quality of Life Index combine several indicators.

CCEA asks you to explain and evaluate two economic, two social and two composite measures.

Quick check

Why use a composite index?

?Why might the Human Development Index (HDI) give a fairer picture of development than GNI per capita alone?

Calculate

Calculate — dependency ratio

1In a country, 30% of people are aged 0–14, 60% are of working age (15–64) and 10% are 65+. Calculate the total dependency ratio = (dependants ÷ working-age population) × 100.

Hint: dependants = 30 + 10 = 40; (40 ÷ 60) × 100.

Reducing the development gap

MDGs, the 2030 Agenda, globalisation and aid

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 2000–2015: eight goals (for example halving extreme poverty, universal primary education). Evaluate the impact of any two.

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: the 17 Global Goals (SDGs) build on the MDGs — broader, applying to all countries, and covering environment and inequality.

Globalisation and aid both shape development in LEDCs: trade and TNC investment can spread growth but also dependency; aid may be bilateral (country to country), multilateral or from NGOs. CCEA uses an LEDC case study (for example Uganda).

Sort it

Sort the development measure

Tap an indicator, then tap its type.

💷 Economic

🏥 Social

📊 Composite

Quick check

MDGs vs SDGs

?How do the Sustainable Development Goals (2030 Agenda) differ from the Millennium Development Goals?

Emerging markets

BRICS, MINT and rapid growth

Emerging markets are LEDCs whose economies are growing and industrialising rapidly. Two groupings:

BRICS — Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa.
MINT — Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey.

Growth is driven by industrialisation, foreign investment, large domestic markets and resources. CCEA requires a case study of one BRICS country (for example Brazil) or one MINT country (for example Mexico) — explaining how and why it has grown, using change described qualitatively.

Match it

Match the development term

Tap an item on the left, then its matching partner on the right.

Term

Meaning

Quick check

BRICS

?Which set of countries makes up the BRICS group of emerging economies?

Quick check

Aid type

?A grant given directly from the UK government to the government of Uganda is an example of:

Recap

The big ideas to know

Measuring: development is more than wealth; economic (GNI, GDP), social (literacy, IMR), composite (HDI)

Reducing the gap: MDGs (2000-15); 2030 Agenda / 17 SDGs; globalisation and aid (bilateral, multilateral, NGO)

Emerging markets: BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) and MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey)

You have covered the whole of AS 2 Theme 3. Press Finish for your score.

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