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Eduqas GCSE Maths · Algebra
Mini-Lesson

Algebra

This mini-lesson covers the core Algebra strand of Eduqas GCSE Maths: expanding & factorising, solving linear and quadratic equations, simultaneous equations, rearranging formulae, sequences (the nth term), straight-line graphs (y = mx + c) and inequalities.

c x y gradient = m
Algebra turns patterns and relationships into equations you can solve and graph.

Work through each screen, answer the questions as you go (some ask you to expand or factorise, most are calculations) and collect ⭐ stars. Press Start when you're ready.

Expressions

Expanding & factorising

To expand a bracket, multiply every term inside by the term outside. To factorise, do the reverse: take out the highest common factor.

a(b + c) = ab + acexpand → multiply out  ·  factorise → put the brackets back
Worked example — expand

Expand 4(2x − 3).

4 × 2x = 8x  and  4 × (−3) = −12

= 8x − 12

Worked example — factorise

Factorise 6x + 9. The HCF of 6 and 9 is 3.

6x + 9 = 3(2x + 3)  (check: 3 × 2x = 6x, 3 × 3 = 9 ✓)

Common slip: when expanding, the sign travels too. 4(2x − 3) is 8x − 12, not 8x − 3 and not 8x + 12.

Quick check

Expand the bracket

?Expand 3(2x − 4).
Quadratic expressions

Factorising quadratics

To factorise x² + bx + c into two brackets, find two numbers that multiply to c and add to b:

x² + 5x + 6 = (x + 2)(x + 3)2 × 3 = 6 (the constant)  ·  2 + 3 = 5 (the x-coefficient)
Worked example — difference of two squares

Factorise x² − 9.

This is a difference of two squares: x² − 9 = x² − 3².

= (x − 3)(x + 3)  (expand to check: x² + 3x − 3x − 9 = x² − 9 ✓)

Watch the signs: for x² − 4x + 4 you need two numbers that multiply to +4 and add to −4 → both are −2, giving (x − 2)(x − 2) = (x − 2)².

Quick check

Factorise the quadratic

?Factorise x² + 5x + 6.
Match game

Expression ⇄ factorised form

Tap a quadratic expression on the left, then its matching factorised form on the right.

Solving equations

Solving linear equations

To solve an equation, do the same thing to both sides until x is on its own. Undo each operation in reverse.

3x + 5 = 20subtract 5 → 3x = 15  ·  divide by 3 → x = 5
Worked example — x on both sides

Solve 5x − 2 = 3x + 8.

Subtract 3x from both sides: 2x − 2 = 8

Add 2: 2x = 10, then divide by 2: x = 5

Golden rule: whatever you do to one side, do to the other. Move terms by doing the opposite operation — a + on one side becomes a − when it crosses.

Calculate

Your turn — solve for x

1Solve 3x + 5 = 20. Type the value of x.
Hint: subtract 5 from both sides, then divide by 3.
Quadratic equations

Solving quadratic equations

A quadratic like x² − 7x + 12 = 0 is solved by factorising, then setting each bracket to zero (the null-factor law):

x² − 7x + 12 = 0 → (x − 3)(x − 4) = 0so x − 3 = 0 or x − 4 = 0 → x = 3 or x = 4
Worked example

Solve x² + x − 6 = 0.

Two numbers multiply to −6, add to +1: that's +3 and −2.

(x + 3)(x − 2) = 0 → x = −3 or x = 2

Two answers: a quadratic usually has two solutions. If a bracket is (x − 3), the solution is x = +3 (the value that makes the bracket zero), not −3.

Calculate

Your turn — solve a quadratic

2Solve x² − 7x + 12 = 0. Type the larger of the two roots.
Hint: it factorises to (x − 3)(x − 4) = 0, so the roots are 3 and 4.
Simultaneous equations

Simultaneous equations

Two equations, two unknowns. Add or subtract the equations to eliminate one variable, then solve for the other:

x + y = 10  and  x − y = 4add them: 2x = 14 → x = 7  ·  then y = 10 − 7 = 3
Worked example

Solve 2x + y = 11 and x + y = 7.

Subtract the second from the first: x = 4.

Put x = 4 into x + y = 7: y = 3. So (x, y) = (4, 3).

Elimination check: if the signs of the matching variable are the same, subtract; if they are opposite, add. Here x + y and x − y have opposite y-signs, so we add.

Calculate

Your turn — simultaneous equations

3Solve x + y = 10 and x − y = 4. Type the value of x.
Hint: add the two equations to eliminate y, giving 2x = 14.
Rearranging formulae

Rearranging (changing the subject)

To make a different letter the subject of a formula, use the same "do the same to both sides" idea as solving an equation — but keep the letters.

Worked example

Make x the subject of y = 3x + 2.

Subtract 2: y − 2 = 3x

Divide by 3: x = (y − 2) ÷ 3

Worked example — substitute

Using v = u + at, find v when u = 4, a = 3, t = 2.

v = 4 + 3 × 2 = 4 + 6 = 10

Tip: deal with the term furthest from the letter you want first — undo + and − before × and ÷ when isolating the subject.

Calculate

Your turn — substitute into a formula

4Using v = u + at, work out v when u = 5, a = 4 and t = 3.
Hint: work out at first (4 × 3 = 12), then add u.
Sequences

Sequences & the nth term

For a linear (arithmetic) sequence the terms go up by a constant amount — the common difference. That difference is the coefficient of n in the nth-term rule:

5, 8, 11, 14, … → nth term = 3n + 2common difference 3 → 3n; then adjust to hit the first term
Worked example

Find the nth term of 5, 8, 11, 14.

Common difference = 3, so start with 3n. When n = 1, 3n = 3, but the term is 5 — so add 2.

nth term = 3n + 2. Check n = 4: 3 × 4 + 2 = 14 ✓

Finding a term: to get the 10th term, substitute n = 10 into the rule: 3 × 10 + 2 = 32.

Calculate

Your turn — the nth term

5The nth term of a sequence is 3n + 2. Work out the value of the 10th term.
Hint: substitute n = 10 → 3 × 10 + 2.
Straight-line graphs

Straight-line graphs: y = mx + c

Every straight line has the form y = mx + c, where m is the gradient (steepness) and c is the y-intercept (where it crosses the y-axis).

gradient m = (change in y) ÷ (change in x)= rise ÷ run, taken between any two points on the line
(1, 2) (3, 8) run = 2 rise = 6
Gradient = rise ÷ run = 6 ÷ 2 = 3 between (1, 2) and (3, 8).

Reading y = 2x − 3: the gradient is 2 and the y-intercept is −3 — the number multiplying x is m, the number on its own is c.

Quick check

Gradient of a line

?What is the gradient of the line y = 2x − 3?
Calculate

Your turn — gradient from two points

6A straight line passes through (1, 2) and (3, 8). Work out its gradient.
Hint: gradient = (8 − 2) ÷ (3 − 1).
Inequalities

Solving inequalities

Solve an inequality almost exactly like an equation — but keep the inequality sign (<, ≤, >, ≥) instead of an equals sign.

2x < 9 → x < 4.5divide both sides by 2 — the sign stays the same
Worked example

Solve 3x − 1 ≥ 8.

Add 1: 3x ≥ 9, then divide by 3: x ≥ 3

The one trap: if you multiply or divide both sides by a negative number, you must flip the inequality sign. Dividing by a positive (like 2) leaves it unchanged.

Calculate

Your turn — inequalities

7x is an integer and 2x < 9. Write down the largest possible value of x.
Hint: 2x < 9 means x < 4.5, so the biggest whole number is just below 4.5.
Sort it

Linear or quadratic?

A linear expression/equation has x to the power 1 (no x²); a quadratic contains an term. Tap an item, then tap the box it belongs in.

➖ Linear

⤴ Quadratic

Recap

The whole Algebra strand

Expand & factorise: a(b + c) = ab + ac; factorise x² + bx + c into two brackets that multiply to c and add to b; spot the difference of two squares.

Linear equations: do the same to both sides until x is alone.

Quadratic equations: factorise, set each bracket to zero — usually two solutions.

Simultaneous equations: add or subtract to eliminate a variable, then back-substitute.

Rearranging: change the subject the same way you solve; substitute values carefully.

Sequences: common difference gives the n-coefficient; nth term = dn + (adjust).

Straight-line graphs: y = mx + c — m is the gradient, c the y-intercept; gradient = rise ÷ run.

Inequalities: solve like equations, but flip the sign if you × or ÷ by a negative.

You've covered the core Algebra content of Eduqas GCSE Maths. Press Finish to see your score.

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