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CCEA GCSE Maths · Number & Algebra
Mini-Lesson

Number & Algebra

This mini-lesson covers the core Number & Algebra content of CCEA GCSE Mathematics: fractions, decimals & percentages, indices, standard form, HCF & LCM, ratio & proportion, plus the algebra of expanding & factorising, linear & quadratic equations, simultaneous equations, sequences, straight-line graphs and inequalities.

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 negative positive
From the number line to algebra: the same rules, now with letters standing in for numbers.

Honest heads-up: these quick questions test your recall of facts, formulae and methods — they can't mark full written working. In the real exam you must always show each step.

Work through each screen, answer the questions as you go and collect ⭐ stars. Press Start when you're ready.

Number · Order of operations

BIDMAS — order of operations

You must apply the four rules (+ − × ÷) with the correct hierarchy. Work through operations in this order:

B I D M A SBrackets · Indices · Division & Multiplication · Addition & Subtraction

Division and multiplication rank equally, as do addition and subtraction — do those left to right.

Worked example

Evaluate 12 + 6 × 3.

Multiply first: 6 × 3 = 18 → 12 + 18

Then add: = 30

Common slip: reading left to right gives 12 + 6 = 18, ×3 = 54. That ignores BIDMAS — the × comes before the +.

Calculate

Your turn — order of operations

1Work out 20 − 3 × (2 + 4). Give the exact value.
Hint: brackets first (2 + 4 = 6), then ×, then −.
Number · Factors & multiples

Prime factors, HCF & LCM

Every integer is a unique product of prime factors. Write each number in index form, then compare:

24 = 2³ × 3   ·   36 = 2² × 3²HCF = lowest power of each shared prime · LCM = highest power of every prime
24 = 2³ × 3 36 = 2² × 3² 2 2 2 3 3 only in 24 shared only in 36
HCF = product of the overlap = 2 × 2 × 3 = 12.   LCM = product of everything = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 72.

Remember which is which: HCF is the small answer (shared factors only); LCM is the big answer (multiply all the factors in the diagram once).

Calculate

Your turn — HCF

224 = 2³ × 3 and 36 = 2² × 3². Find the highest common factor (HCF) of 24 and 36.
Hint: take the lowest power of each shared prime: 2² × 3 = 4 × 3.
Number · Conversions

Fractions ⇄ decimals ⇄ percentages

These three are the same idea written three ways. You must move between them freely:

fraction decimal percentage ÷ ×100 ÷100
¾ = 0.75 = 75%. To get a percentage from a decimal, multiply by 100.

Watch out: when comparing sizes, convert everything to decimals first — it's the fairest common form. ⅗ = 0.6, 55% = 0.55, so ⅗ is the larger.

Quick check

Ordering mixed forms

?Which of these is the largest?
Number · Percentages

Percentage change & reverse percentages

The quickest way to increase or decrease is a multiplier:

new = original × multiplierincrease by 15% → ×1.15  ·  decrease by 15% → ×0.85
Worked example — increase

A £40 coat rises by 15%. New price?

Multiplier = 1 + 0.15 = 1.15 → 40 × 1.15 = £46

Worked example — reverse

A sofa costs £360 after a 20% discount. Original price?

£360 is 80% of the original → 360 ÷ 0.80 = £450

The classic trap: a reverse percentage is not "just add the discount back". You must divide by the multiplier to undo the change.

Calculate

Your turn — reverse percentage

3In a sale, a jacket is reduced by 20% to £48. What was the original price?
£
Hint: £48 is 80% of the original, so 48 ÷ 0.80.
Number · Ratio & proportion

Sharing in a ratio

To divide a quantity in a ratio, add the parts to find the total number of parts, then find one part:

one part = total ÷ (sum of parts)then multiply up for each share
Worked example

Share £360 in the ratio 4 : 5.

Total parts = 4 + 5 = 9, so one part = 360 ÷ 9 = £40

Shares: 4 × 40 = £160 and 5 × 40 = £200  (check: 160 + 200 = 360 ✓)

Always check your shares add back to the original total — a quick way to catch arithmetic slips.

Calculate

Your turn — sharing in a ratio

4£360 is shared between Amy and Ben in the ratio 4 : 5. How much does Ben receive?
£
Hint: 9 parts total, one part = 360 ÷ 9 = 40. Ben has 5 parts.
Number · Standard form

Standard form

Standard form writes very large or very small numbers compactly:

a × 10ⁿwhere 1 ≤ a < 10 and n is an integer
150 000 000 = 1.5 × 10⁸ move the point 8 places small numbers use 10⁻ⁿ,e.g. 0.0004 = 4 × 10⁻⁴
The power counts how far the decimal point moves.

Watch the rule 1 ≤ a < 10: writing 15 × 10⁷ is not standard form because 15 is bigger than 10. Correct it to 1.5 × 10⁸.

Quick check

Spot the standard form

?Which of these numbers is written correctly in standard form?
Match game

Ordinary ⇄ standard form

Tap an ordinary number on the left, then its matching standard form on the right.

Number · Indices

Laws of indices

The index laws let you simplify and evaluate powers:

aᵐ × aⁿ = aᵐ⁺ⁿ   ·   aᵐ ÷ aⁿ = aᵐ⁻ⁿ   ·   (aᵐ)ⁿ = aᵐⁿa⁰ = 1  ·  a⁻ⁿ = 1 ÷ aⁿ
Worked example

Simplify 2⁵ × 2².

Add the powers: 2⁵⁺² = 2⁷

2⁷ = 128

Key facts: a⁰ = 1 for any non-zero a, and a negative power means reciprocal: 2⁻³ = 1/8 — it does not make the answer negative.

Calculate

Your turn — evaluate a power

5Work out the value of 3⁴.
Hint: 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 9 × 9.
Algebra · Manipulation

Expanding & factorising

To expand, multiply every term inside the bracket by the term outside. To factorise, do the reverse — pull out the common factor.

3(2x + 5) = 6x + 153 × 2x = 6x  ·  3 × 5 = 15
Worked example — factorise

Factorise 6x + 15.

Highest common factor of 6 and 15 is 3.

6x + 15 = 3(2x + 5)

Check by expanding back: 3(2x + 5) = 6x + 15 ✓. Factorising and expanding are opposite processes.

Calculate

Your turn — expand a bracket

6Expand 4(3x − 2). The result is of the form ax + b. Type the value of a (the coefficient of x).
Hint: 4 × 3x = 12x, so a = 12 (and b = −8).
Algebra · Equations

Solving linear equations

Keep the equation balanced: whatever you do to one side, do to the other. Undo operations in reverse order.

Worked example

Solve 3x + 4 = 19.

Subtract 4 from both sides: 3x = 15

Divide both sides by 3: x = 5

Check it: substitute back — 3 × 5 + 4 = 15 + 4 = 19 ✓.

Calculate

Your turn — solve an equation

7Solve 5x − 3 = 22. Type the value of x.
Hint: add 3 to both sides (5x = 25), then divide by 5.
Algebra · Quadratics

Solving quadratics by factorising

To solve x² + bx + c = 0, find two numbers that multiply to c and add to b. Then each bracket equals zero.

x² − 5x + 6 = (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0−2 × −3 = +6  ·  −2 + −3 = −5
Worked example

(x − 2)(x − 3) = 0 means one bracket is zero.

x − 2 = 0 → x = 2  or  x − 3 = 0 → x = 3

Solutions: x = 2 and x = 3

Sign check: for + c and − b, both numbers are negative. For −5x + 6 the pair is −2 and −3, not +2 and +3.

Quick check

Factorise a quadratic

?Which is the correct factorisation of x² + 7x + 12?
Algebra · Simultaneous equations

Simultaneous equations

Two equations, two unknowns. Add or subtract the equations to eliminate one letter, then solve.

Worked example

x + y = 10  and  x − y = 4.

Add the two: 2x = 14 → x = 7

Substitute back: 7 + y = 10 → y = 3  (so x = 7, y = 3)

Check both: 7 + 3 = 10 ✓ and 7 − 3 = 4 ✓. Always test your pair in both original equations.

Calculate

Your turn — simultaneous equations

8Solve x + y = 12 and x − y = 2. Type the value of x.
Hint: add the equations to get 2x = 14, so x = 7 (and y = 5).
Algebra · Sequences

Linear sequences — the nth term

For a sequence going up by a fixed amount, the nth term is (common difference)×n + (adjustment).

5, 9, 13, 17, … → nth term = 4n + 1difference is 4, so 4n; the 0th term would be 1
Worked example

Find the 10th term of 5, 9, 13, …

nth term = 4n + 1, so put n = 10: 4 × 10 + 1

= 40 + 1 = 41

Finding the rule: the coefficient of n is always the common difference. Then adjust by comparing to the first term.

Calculate

Your turn — nth term

9A sequence has nth term 4n + 1. Work out the 20th term (put n = 20).
Hint: 4 × 20 + 1 = 80 + 1.
Algebra · Straight-line graphs

Straight-line graphs: y = mx + c

A straight line has equation y = mx + c, where m is the gradient (steepness) and c is the y-intercept (where it crosses the y-axis).

y = 2x + 3gradient m = 2  ·  y-intercept c = 3
(0, 3) intercept x y gradient 2
Rearrange any linear equation into y = mx + c to read off m and c.

Gradient: "up 2 for every 1 across". A steeper line has a larger m; a negative m slopes downhill.

Quick check

Read the gradient

?What is the gradient of the line y = 5x − 2?
Algebra · Inequalities

Solving inequalities

Solve an inequality just like an equation — but there's one special rule: if you multiply or divide by a negative, you must flip the inequality sign.

Worked example

Solve 2x + 1 < 9.

Subtract 1: 2x < 8

Divide by 2 (positive, so sign stays): x < 4

The flip rule: −x < 3 becomes x > −3 after dividing by −1. Forgetting to flip is the most common inequality error.

Calculate

Your turn — solve an inequality

10Solve 3x + 2 ≤ 20. The solution is x ≤ k. Type the value of k.
Hint: subtract 2 (3x ≤ 18), then divide by 3.
Sort it

Expanded or factorised?

An expanded expression has no brackets (terms added); a factorised one is written as a product with brackets. Tap an expression, then the box it belongs in.

➗ Factorised

✏️ Expanded

Recap

The whole of Number & Algebra

Number: BIDMAS order of operations; prime factors → HCF & LCM; convert freely between fractions, decimals & percentages.

Percentages: multipliers for change; reverse percentage = ÷ multiplier.

Ratio & proportion: share by parts; check shares add back to the total.

Standard form: a × 10ⁿ with 1 ≤ a < 10. Index laws: add powers to multiply, subtract to divide.

Algebra: expand by multiplying out; factorise by pulling out common factors.

Equations: keep balanced; quadratics factorise into two brackets; simultaneous equations eliminate one letter.

Sequences: nth term = (difference)n + adjustment.

Graphs & inequalities: y = mx + c (m = gradient, c = intercept); flip the sign when dividing by a negative.

You've covered the core Number & Algebra content of CCEA GCSE Mathematics. Press Finish to see your score.

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