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AQA A-level Environmental Science (7447) · Energy Resources
Mini-Lesson

Energy Resources

Societies depend on energy. This lesson classifies energy resources as renewable or non-renewable, and works through efficiency, energy and capacity factor calculations.

You will do three real calculations. Answer the questions and collect ⭐.

Resource types

Renewable and non-renewable

  • Non-renewable: fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuel (uranium) — finite stocks.
  • Renewable: solar, wind, hydro, tidal, wave, geothermal and biomass — replenished naturally.

Each has trade-offs in cost, reliability and environmental impact.

Efficiency

Efficiency

No energy conversion is perfect. Efficiency compares useful output with total input:

efficiency (%) = (useful energy output ÷ total energy input) × 100

Thermal power stations typically waste much of their input as heat.

Calculate

Your turn — efficiency

1A power station takes in 2 000 MW of energy from fuel and delivers 760 MW of electricity. Calculate its percentage efficiency.
%
Hint: efficiency = (760 ÷ 2000) × 100.
Energy calc

Energy = power × time

Electrical energy is found from E = P × t. If power is in kilowatts (kW) and time in hours (h), energy is in kilowatt-hours (kWh).

Calculate

Your turn — energy used

2A 2 kW electric heater runs for 3 hours. Calculate the energy it uses in kWh.
kWh
Hint: E = P × t = 2 × 3.
Capacity factor

Capacity factor

Renewables are often intermittent. The capacity factor compares the energy a generator actually produces with the maximum it could produce if it ran at full rated power all year:

capacity factor = actual output ÷ (rated power × time)

There are 8 760 hours in a (365-day) year.

Calculate

Your turn — capacity factor

3A 3 MW wind turbine generates 7 884 MWh in a year (8 760 hours). Calculate its capacity factor as a percentage.
%
Hint: maximum = 3 × 8760 = 26 280 MWh. Capacity factor = (7884 ÷ 26280) × 100.
Check

Classifying resources

1Which of these is a renewable energy resource?
Nuclear

Nuclear power

Nuclear fission splits uranium nuclei to release heat, which raises steam to drive turbines. It produces very low CO₂ during generation and large, reliable output, but creates radioactive waste and carries accident and decommissioning concerns. Uranium is a finite fuel, so nuclear is non-renewable though low-carbon.

Check

Nuclear power

2Nuclear power is best described as:
Sort it

Classify each resource

Sort each energy resource into the correct group.

♻️ Renewable

🛢️ Fossil (non-renewable)

☢️ Nuclear

Match

Term to meaning

Match each term to its meaning.

Statement
Answer
Recap

The big ideas to know

Resource types: Renewable (solar, wind, hydro, tidal…) vs non-renewable (fossil, nuclear)

Efficiency: (useful ÷ total) × 100

Energy: E = P × t (kWh)

Capacity factor: actual ÷ (rated × time); renewables are often intermittent

Watch your units — MW, MWh and hours — in every calculation. Press Finish.

🏆

Mini-lesson complete!

⭐⭐⭐

You've worked through Energy Resources. 🎉

Your stars: 0 / 0

Next: test yourself in the Evaluate stage, then lock it in with Verify.

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